In Chapter 1 of Class 10, students will explore real numbers and irrational numbers. The chapter starts with Euclid’s Division Lemma which states that “Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, 0≤r<b”. The Euclid’s Division algorithm is based on this lemma and is used to calculate the HCF of two positive integers. Then, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic is defined which is used to find the LCM and HCF of two positive integers. After that, the concept of an irrational number, a rational number, and decimal expansion of rational numbers are explained with the help of the theorem.

The real number, in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time, in contrast to the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, arising from counting. The word real distinguishes them from the complex numbers involving the symbol i, or Square root of√−1, used to simplify the mathematical interpretation of effects such as those occurring in electrical phenomena. The real numbers include the positive and negative integers and fractions (or rational numbers) and also the irrational numbers. The irrational numbers have decimal expansions that do not repeat themselves, in contrast to the rational numbers, the expansions of which always contain a digit or group of digits that repeats itself, as 1/6 = 0.16666… or 2/7 = 0.285714285714…. The decimal formed as 0.42442444244442… has no regularly repeating group and is thus irrational.

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